Author Archives: nicholasoyugi

Dowry (or bridewealth) and the Bible

The Practice of Paying Dowry in Ancient Babylon, Ancient Egypt, the Bible. and within the Afric(Keny)an Context

In Ancient Babylon

(a) Law of Ur-Nammu (2112-2095 B.C)

–#12
If a prospective son-in-law entered the house of his prospective father-in-law, but his father-in-law later gave his daughter to another man, he (the father-in-law) shall return to him two-fold the amount of bridal presents he had brought

(b) Law of Eshnunna (2000 B.C)

–#17
Should the son of a man bring bride-money to the house of the his father-in-law–if one of the two deceases, the money shall revert to its owner

(c) Code of Hammurabi (1728-1686 B.C)

–# 137
If a seignior has made up his mind to divorce a lay priestess, who bore him
children, or a hierodule who provided him with chiildren, they shall return
her dowry to that woman and also give her half of the field, orchard and goods that she may rear her children…
–#138
If a seignoir wishes to divorce his wife who did not bear him children, he shall five her money to the full amount of her marriage-price and he shall also make good to her the dowry which she brought from her father’s house and then he may divorce her
–#159
If a seignior. who had the betrothal-gift brought to the house of his prospective father-in-law and paid the marriage-price, has then fallen in love with another woman and has said to his prospective father-in-law, “I will not marry your daughter,” the father of the daughter shall keep whatever was brought to him
–#162
If, when a seignior acquired a wife, she bore him children and that woman has then gone to her fate, her father may not lay claim to her dowry, since her dowry belongs to her children

In Ancient Egypt

A Marriage Contract of a former slave as revealed in Aramaic Papyrus 15 from Elephantine (dated 441 B.C.)

–Date of the Contract

In Tishri, which is the 6th day of the month of Epiph of Artaxerxes the King

–Identification of Contracting Parties

Askor, son of TSHR, builder of the king said to Makhsir the Aramean of Syene of the detachment of Warizath, saying “I have come to your house to take to myself your daughter (Mipthtahiah) for wifehood (or as a wife)

–Formal agreement of marriage and payment of dowry and possession brought in by the bride

She is my wife and I am her husband from this day and for ever, I give to you the bride-price of your daughter Miphtahiah , the sum of 5 shekels , royal weight. It has been received by you and your heart is content therewith. I have caused to come up to bring to your daughter Miphtahiah into her hand of the cost of furniture 1 karash 2 shekels of royal weight of the standard of 2R to 10. I have delivered to her into her hand 1 woolen robe, new, striped dyed on both sides, (whose) length was 8 cubits by 5, worth the sum of 2 kerashin 8 shekels royal weight; 1 closely-woven (shawl) new, (whose) length was 8 cubits by 5 ,worththe sum of 8 shekels of royal weight; another woolen robe, finely woven (whose) length was 6 cubits by 4, worth the sum of 7 shekels; 1 mirror of bronze, worth
the sum of shekel 2R; 1 tray of bronze, worth the sum of 1 shekel 2R; 2 cups of bronze worth the sum of 2 shekels; 1 bowl of bronze, worth the sum of 2R; total money and value of goods being the sum of 6 kerashin 5 shekels 20 halurin (=half shekel) of the standard of 2 R to 10, royal weight I have received, and my heart is content therewith, 1 couch of reeds with 4 supports(?) of stone; 1 pk of slk; 2 ladles, holding (?) 8 h; 1 ms’n knife (?); 1 cosmetic box of ivory, new. …

–Witnesses to contract

Nathan b. Ananiah wrote this deed (or contract) at the direction (literally “according to the mouth”) of Ashor and the witnesses hereto

Penuliah b. Jezaniah. ….iah b. Uriah (?) Menahem b. Zaccur witnesses, Reibel(?) b…..

In the Bible

(a) The Genesis 24 story of Abraham’s chief servant taking a trip in search of a wife for Abraham’s son, Isaac (see especially verse 10 [Then the servant took ten of his master’s camels and left, taking with him all kinds of good things from his master. He set out for Aram Naharaim and made his way to the town of Nahor], 22 [When the camels had finished drinking, the man took out a gold nose ring weighing a beka and two gold bracelets weighing ten shekels], and 53 [Then the servant brought out gold and silver jewelry and articles of clothing and gave them to Rebekah; he also gave costly gifts to her brother and to her mother])

(b) The story of Jacob in Gen 29, especially verse 18 (Jacob was in love with Rachel and said, “I’ll work for you seven years in return for your younger daughter Rachel” ) and 20 (So Jacob served seven years to get Rachel, but they seemed like only a few days to him because of his love for her)

(c) Hamor requests Jacob’s sons for Dinah as a wife for his son Shechem in Gen 34:12 (Make the price for the bride and the gift I am to bring as great as you like, and I’ll pay whatever you ask me. Only give me the girl as my wife.”)

(d) Exod 22: 16, 17 (“If a man seduces a virgin who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride-price, and she shall be his wife. If her father absolutely refuses to give her to him, he must still pay the bride-price for virgins)

(e) Saul sets the bride price for David to marry his daughter Michal in 1 Sam 18:25 (Saul replied, “Say to David, ‘The king wants no other price for the bride than a hundred Philistine foreskins, to take revenge on his enemies.’” Saul’s plan was to have David fall by the hands of the Philistines)

Within the Afric(Keny)an Context

There are four types of marriages recognized by the republic of Kenya:

(a) Hindu marriage

–allows polygamy

(b) Islamic marriage

-allows plural marriages up to 4 wives

(c) customary marriage

bridewealth (or part of it) would have to be paid

–required ceremonies have to be performed

–the parties involved have to demonstrate capacity to marry, meaning, the man must not be married under the law that governs monogamous marriages; the woman must not be already married to another man; they should have reached puberty, they should be free of diseases like leprosy or syphilis; they should be mentally sound or sane; each must not be within the prohibited degrees of conguinity and affinity; each must give consent to the marriage; and the parents of each must give consent to marriage

(d) civil/English/Christian marriage

–marriage ceremony has to be performed by an authorized person
–the ceremony has to be performed in a place of worship or in a building which is legally registered for such an activity
–there should be witnesses to the ceremony

–the parties involved must give consent to the marriage

–Notice of intention to marry must be published prior to the marriage
–the parties involved have to demonstrate capacity to marry

Of the four, only one requires the payment of dowry, viz., customary marriage.

Implications

Since the payment of dowry is not prohibited by the Scriptures and since it is a requirement in as far as customary marriage is concerned, it is necessary that an individual who chooses customary marriage pay the dowry. Otherwise the Kenyan society will not consider the marriage valid.

The Blessing of Africa: The Bible and African Christianity, by Keith Augustus Burton, InterVarsity Press, 2007

The hallmark of this book is two-fold: (a) its redefinition of what territorially constitutes “biblical Africa” and (b) its identification of Put with sub-Saharan Africa. Capitalizing on the tendency to equate Ham(ites) with Africa(ns) as evidenced by the common misconception that Noah’s curse targeted Ham and thus the Africans, the author proposes that his readers consider the equation of “biblical Africa” with the “land of Ham.” Understood as such, “biblical Africa” would therefore encompass all the territories traditionally associated with the descendants of Ham as reflected in the “Table of Nations.” These regions include Saudi Arabia (associated with Seba, Sabteca, Sabtah, Dedan and Havilah), Yemen (associated with Sheba and Raamah), Iraq (associated with Babylon, Erech, Akkad, Calneh, Assyria), Egypt/Sudan (associated with Misrayim), Ethiopia (associated with with Cush), Libya (associated with the Lehabites, Naphtuhites, Pathrusites), Crete (associated with Caphtorites), Israel/Palestine (associated with Canaan), Lebanon (associated with Sidon, Hivites, Arkites), Turkey (associated with Hittites), Jordan (associated with Amorites), and Syria (associated with Arvadites). In other words, an equation of “biblical Africa” with the “land of Ham” expands the definition of what encompasses Africa and who constitutes an African to include not just the continent of Africa and its dwellers, but parts of the Middle East and their respective citizens.
Having argued for a broader definition of “biblical Africa” (part one, chapters 1-4) and catalogued the Africans in the Bible assuming the broader definition (part two, chapters 5-7), the book takes and maintains to the very end a historical slant during which the following historical topics are discussed: (a) the development of Christianity in biblical Africa (part three, chapters 8-10), (b) the growth of Islam in biblical Africa (part four, chapters 11-12), (c) the impact of European colonialism on biblical Africa (part five. Chapters 13-15) and (d) the place of the Bible in present-day biblical Africa (part six, chapters 16-18).
Even if the reader does not buy into the author’s attempt to promote a broad definition of what geographically constitutes biblical Africa and consequently who composes an African biblically, this book remains a wonderful resource to students of church history and students of the Bible in general.

Euthanasia and the Bible

Introduction

Hebrews 9:27 reads in part: “… it is appointed for mortals to die …” Let me rewrite the passage so it hits home. Let’s strike out “mortals” Let’s jot instead “Nicholas.” “It is appointed for Nicholas to die…” As to the type of death that awaits me, I am not privy. That knowledge belongs only to the gods. What is clear though, is that none of us is exempt from any particular type of death. It could be a “Tim Russert” (of NBC)-like death. You could even find yourself in a “Schiavo”-like situation. A “Russert”-like death sparks no moral issues. A “schiavo”-like situation is another story altogether. Terry’s death was a classic example of Euthanasia

Definition of Euthanasia

The etymological building blocks of the term are: “Eu” (=a Greek adverb that means “well.” “easy,” “good”) and “thanatos” (=meaning “death”). Combining the two terms yields the compound idea of “easy death,” “dying well,” or “death by dignity.”

Types of Euthanasia

Type # 1
: Active voluntary Euthanasia (AVE)

(a) Definition

Doctors or others directly end a consenting patient’s suffering through medically administered lethal drugs

(b) Example
(i) The Oregon Death by Dignity Act
First passed by Oreginians in Nov 1994 and activated after an injunction was lifted by the ninth circuit of Appeals on Oct 1997, the Oregon Death by Dignity Act allows a doctor to prescribe pentonarbital or secorbabrbital,both of which are lethal medication to a terminally ill patient of sound mind. The patient then goes ahead and ingests the lethal drugs at a place and time of his or her own choosing. In 2004, 40 physicians wrote a total of 60 prescriptions. Thirty five patients who ingested the drugs died. The range of time from ingestion to death was 5 minutes to 31 hours
(ii) The infamous Kervokian
Sunday night Nov 22, 1998, 60 minutes viewers were treated to a never-before-seen telecast. There in the sight of all was Kervokian administering lethal injection to a consenting Thomas Youk, a victim of amytophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig’s disease. For that Kervokian was slapped with a second degree murder charge and received a 10-25 yrs sentence. Prior to this particular AVE, Kervokian had played an assistive role in other deaths ranging back to 1990.

–June 4 1990: Janet Adkins,a 54 yr old woman with Alzheimer used a suicide machine that Kervokian himself had deviced. She died inside Kervokians’s 1968 volkwagen
–Oct 23 1991: Kervokian supervised the simultaneous death of two women. One, Marjorie Wanz, 58 yr old with pelvic pain used Kervokians suicide machine. The other, Sherry Miller, 43 yrs old with multiple sclerosis inhaled carbon monoxide through a face mask
–Sept 26th 1992, Lois Hawes,52 yrs old with lung and brain cancer, died from CO poisoning at the home of Kervokian’s assistant
–Kervokian himself may have been present on Nov 26th 1994 during the death by CO poisoning of 72 yr old Margaret Garrish who had arthritis and osteoporosis

(c) Reason
The main reason seems to be the desire to bring about the cessation of suffering

Type # 2: Active Involuntary Euthanasia (AIE)

(a) Definition
A doctor or a non-doctor directly ending a non-consenting patient’s suffering through lethal means

(b) Example
(i) On 30th sept 1949 Carol Paight, a 20yr old Connecticut college student, shot her 52 yr old father while he lay unconscious in a hospital bed after exploratory surgery. She was reported to have said just before the shooting that she had to do something to keep her father from knowing that he had only six painful weeks to live.

(ii) On Feb 15th 1993 Kervokian oversaw the death of Hugh Gale, a 70 yr old man with emphysema and congestive heart failure. Why this would be an example of involuntary euthanasia is because the prosecutors investigating the case were able to prove that Kervokian had altered his written account of Gale’s death by deleting a reference to a request by Gale that the procedure be halted

Type # 3: Passive voluntary Euthanasia (PVE)

(a) Definition
Withholding unwanted or extraordinary treatment as per the patient

(b) Example
(i) Nancy Cruzan
One night in 1983, th car of the 25 yr old slid off an icy Missouri Road. The ensuing crash threw her out of the car and left her breathless and without a pulse. Minutes later, paramedics revived her heartbeat and respiration, but Cruzan never regained consciousness. She spent the next 7 yrs of her life in a permanent vegetative state, able to breath but kept alive by a feeding tube
Her parents wished that her feeding tube be removed. After a court battle and appeals to higher courts, the parents wishes were honored on the strength that she had made prior wishes to die if ever she found herself in that situation
(ii) Terry Schiavo
(iii) Pope Pius XII
In an Oct 24th Feb 1975 speech before an international gathering of anaesthesiologists he announced (1) that patients could refuse extraordinary treatment to prolong their lives without violating Christian teaching (2)that that there was no reason that dying persons should endure unusual pain; physicians, he stated were permitted to use pain relievers even if they shortened a dying patient’s life, though doctors should never administer pain-killing drugs against someone’s will or with the intention of killing a patientpassive euthanasia was permissible,
(iv)Living wills
Advanced directives written by individuals specifying under what conditions treatment would be withheld (state legalized). In 1976 Califonia becamethe first state to recognize the living will; by 1986 all but eleven states had done the same

(c) Reasons
Curtail pain, curtail an unproductive and worthless living

Type # 4: Passive involuntary Euthanasia (PIE)

(a) Definition
Withholding unwanted or extraordinary treatment without the patient’s consent

(b) Examples
(i) Karen Ann Quinlan
Lapsed, at 21 yrs, into an irreversible coma On 14th April 1974 while at a party in suburban New Jersey, possibly because she had been mixing alcohol and the tranquilizer Valium. Taken to hospital, she was hooked up to a respirator and tubes providing her with hydration and nutrition. [she was far from legally dead; she responded to pain and noise and withdrew her limbs when they stroked]. When she persisted in her vegetative state for months, her parents went to court to have her taken off the respirator. They eventually succeeded in March 1976, but Quinlan, even after being detached from a respirator, lived for another nine years until she died of pneumonia in 1985
The court decision stated in part that Karen’s right to privacy may be asserted on her own behalf by her guardian in circumstances when she had never signed a living will nor made her end-of-life wishes known clearly
(ii) Knya Dismuke-Howard
Knya, a terminally ill six-month old infant at the center of a life-support fight died Wednesday May 4th 2005, while still receiving medical treatment. Knya had leukemia that spread to her brain. Doctors at Memorial Hermann Hospital had said continued care would be futile, and a hospital ethic committee decided to remove her from life support, despite objections from her parents
(iii) Texas state law passed in 1999 gives hospitals the authority to remove patients from life support, but requires they give the family 10 days notice to find another facility
(iv) Polls
Polls in the 1960’s showed that from 60-80 percent of American doctors let some of their patients die by withholding or withdrawing treatment

(c) Reasons
Bring pain to an end; futile treatment

Scriptures to bring to bear in evaluating the different types of Euthanasia

Passages Pertaining to murder

–Exod 21:12: Whoever strikes a person mortally shall be put to death
–Ex. 21:20: When a slaveowner strikes a male or female slave with a rod and the slave dies immediately, the owner shall be punished
–Lev 24:17: Anyone who kills a human being shall be put to death
–Num 35:16: But anyone who strikes another with an iron object, and death ensues, is a murderer; the murderer shall be put to death
–Exod 20:13: You shall not murde
–Gen 9:5, 6: For your own lifeblood I will surely require a reckoning: from every animal I will require it and from human beings, each one for the blood of another, I will require a reckoning for human life. Whoever sheds the blood of a human, by a human shall that person’s blood be shed; for in his own image God made humankind.

Passages Pertaining to Suicide

–Judg. 16:30, 31: Then Samson said, “Let me die with the Philistines.” He strained with all his might; and the house fell on the lords and all the people who were in it. So those he killed at his death were more than those he had killed during his life. Then his brothers and all his family came down and took him and brought him up and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in the tomb of his father Manoah. He had judged Israel twenty years.
–1Sam. 31:4, 5, 6 Then Saul said to his armor-bearer, “Draw your sword and thrust me through with it, so that these uncircumcised may not come and thrust me through, and make sport of me.” But his armor-bearer was unwilling; for he was terrified. So Saul took his own sword and fell upon it. When his armor-bearer saw that Saul was dead, he also fell upon his sword and died with him. So Saul and his three sons and his armor-bearer and all his men died together on the same day.
–2Sam. 17:14, 23 Absalom and all the men of Israel said, “The counsel of Hushai the Archite is better than the counsel of Ahithophel.” For the LORD had ordained to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel, so that the LORD might bring ruin on Absalom. When Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his donkey and went off home to his own city. He set his house in order, and hanged himself; he died and was buried in the tomb of his father.
–Matt. 27:5: Throwing down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed; and he went and hanged himself.
–Acts 16:27: When the jailer woke up and saw the prison doors wide open, he drew his sword and was about to kill himself, since he supposed that the prisoners had escaped.
–Acts 16:28, 29: But Paul shouted in a loud voice, “Do not harm yourself, for we are all here.” The jailer called for lights, and rushing in, he fell down trembling before Paul and Silas.
–We are supposed to wait of death, not hasten or even activate it (cf Gen 27:2)
–Elisha had a teminalillness and did not kill himself (2 Kings 13:14)

Passages Pertaining to Assisted (desire for or rejection of assisted) suicide

–Judg. 9:52-57: Abimelech came to the tower, and fought against it, and came near to the entrance of the tower to burn it with fire. But a certain woman threw an upper millstone on Abimelech’s head, and crushed his skull. Immediately he called to the young man who carried his armor and said to him, “Draw your sword and kill me, so people will not say about me, ‘A woman killed him.’” So the young man thrust him through, and he died. When the Israelites saw that Abimelech was dead, they all went home. Thus God repaid Abimelech for the crime he committed against his father in killing his seventy brothers; and God also made all the wickedness of the people of Shechem fall back on their heads, and on them came the curse of Jotham son of Jerubbaal.
–2Sam. 1:9, 10: He said to me, ‘Come, stand over me and kill me; for convulsions have seized me, and yet my life still lingers.’ So I stood over him, and killed him, for I knew that he could not live after he had fallen. I took the crown that was on his head and the armlet that was on his arm, and I have brought them here to my lord.
–1Kings 19:1-4: Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and how he had killed all the prophets with the sword. Then Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah, saying, “So may the gods do to me, and more also, if I do not make your life like the life of one of them by this time tomorrow.” Then he was afraid; he got up and fled for his life, and came to Beer-sheba, which belongs to Judah; he left his servant there. But he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a solitary broom tree. He asked that he might die: “It is enough; now, O LORD, take away my life, for I am no better than my ancestors.
–Jonah 4: 2-8: But this was very displeasing to Jonah, and he became angry. He prayed to the LORD and said, “O LORD! Is not this what I said while I was still in my own country? That is why I fled to Tarshish at the beginning; for I knew that you are a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love, and ready to relent from punishing. And now, O LORD, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.” And the LORD said, “Is it right for you to be angry?” Then Jonah went out of the city and sat down east of the city, and made a booth for himself there. He sat under it in the shade, waiting to see what would become of the city. The LORD God appointed a bush, and made it come up over Jonah, to give shade over his head, to save him from his discomfort; so Jonah was very happy about the bush. But when dawn came up the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the bush, so that it withered. When the sun rose, God prepared a sultry east wind, and the sun beat down on the head of Jonah so that he was faint and asked that he might die. He said, “It is better for me to die than to live.”
–Job 3:20: “Why is light given to one in misery, and life to the bitter in soul, who long for death, but it does not come, and dig for it more than for hidden treasures.
–Job 2:9-10: Then his wife said to him, “Do you still persist in your integrity? Curse God, and die.” But he said to her, “You speak as any foolish woman would gspeak. Shall we receive the good at the hand of God, and not receive the bad?” In all this Job did not sin with his lips.

Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and their African Allies are Reshaping Anglicanism, by Miranda K. Hassett, Princeton University Press, 2007

This book is a result of some ten months of fieldwork conducted in Uganda and in the southeastern part of the United States. The research, carried out by the author while she was a graduate and then PhD student at the University of North Carolina, constituted approximately 130 field interviews in addition to critical reading of textual sources dealing with Episcopal Church, Church of Uganda, and Anglican Communion Politics. Those interviewed included a number of African bishops, many parishioners in Uganda and the USA, and Episcopal dissident groups in the United States.

The core argument of the book is this: the increasing involvement of Southern Anglicans in the Episcopal Church and the global significance now widely ascribed to Episcopal Church events results primarily from the cooperative globalizing work of American Conservative. This assertion stands in contrast to the tendency among conservatives and liberals alike to explain the increased global activism of Southern church leaders as part of a long-term global historical shift in the center of gravity of world Christianity to the global South—a theory expounded by scholar of religion Philip Jenkins and widely invoked by observers of the current Anglican scene.

The book is broken up into eight chapters. Chapter one describes the history, character, and current concerns in the Church of Uganda and the Episcopal Church in the United States. Chapter two presents an account of the development of conservative Episcopalians’ globalist discourses and projects, in cooperation with Southern Anglican leaders. The third chapter speaks of the Northern hegemony. Chapter four recounts the ways in which the Lambeth Conference of 1998 was experienced and portrayed as a North/South battle. The fifth chapter begins with a brief account of the founding of the transnational dissident organization Anglican Missions in America (AmiA) and then describes several other globalizing projects that parallel AmiA. Chapter six examines discourses used to explain and justify transnational Anglican relationships, especially images of the churches of the global North and South. Chapter seven addresses the topic of money, power, and influence. The last chapter returns to the North/South conflict and the global-shift thesis, particularly to the ways that Philip Jenkins’s work has been taken up by conservatives in the Episcopal Church as a description and justification of current developments in the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion.

The audience that would be best served by this group are attendees of both the Lambeth 2008 conference and the opposing GAFCON 2008 Jerusalem conference. Those attendees include bishops, Anglican bible students, church leaders and parishioners alike. As regards the goal of the book and whether it has been attained, the research, the interviews conducted, the literature cited, do corroborate the author’s assertion that the new transnational alliances are best understood not as by-products of a global moral shift but as the work of particular people and groups.

Pornography (viewing by men)

1. Definition of pornography

(a) Etymological definition: The term is built out of two root words: (i) “graphos” = writing or description and (ii) “porne”= prostitute or harlot

(b) Practical Definition: Any sexually oriented material designed to arouse the viewer or reader
2. Types of porn
(a) Soft porn. The marks of soft porn are (i) partial nudity and (ii) non-explicit sex

(b) Hard porn: The marks of hard-core porn are (i) total nudity and (ii) overt sex

3. Effects of pornography
(a) On you
(i)Neurological impact: When hit with a pornographic image, sexual stress ensues. The sexual stress causes chemicals to seep into the pituitary gland, releasing a stress hormone known as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Other neurochemicals that are activated include adrenaline and noradrenaline. The net result is that you breath more deeply, the heart beats faster, blood pressure rises, the eye pupil dilates, you salivate more, the penis erects, you can easily ejaculate or, if you choose to, masturbate
(ii) Fuels feelings of lust and the temptation to cheat on your wife by compromising your resistance to lust after a woman or even engage in adultery
(iii) Feelings of shame and guilt
(iv) Desire for secrecy
(v) Sexual addiction

(b) On your marriage:
(i) Starves your wife sexually since you ejaculate elsewhere and experience the sexual dissatisfaction demonstrated in the study by Zilmann and Bryant. The study revealed that, in comparing one’s partner’s responses to the sexual behavior portrayed in pornographic materials, the partner became dissatisfied with the sexual performance and even physical appearance of the other partner
(ii) Dilutes, if not taints, the quality of your marital relationship with you wife since you are essentially engaging in some fashion of extramarital affair

(c) On your Kids:They could themselves become porn-viewers. This prediction is based on the results of a survey that sought to establish who owned the pornographic material when an individual was first exposed
First Exposure Percentage
• Friend’s house 77%
Father’s pornography 13%
• Self-purchased 1%
• Other (found it) 9%

4. How do we overcome the habit
(a) Be convinced of the reality of its effects. If pornography is not lust or adultery, it certainly lowers you resistance to lust and adultery; it hurts you wife, it can be generational, it taints your testimony.
(b) Maintain a consistent prayer life
(c) Avoid being alone
(d) Meditate on relevant verses: (i) Ps101:3 (I will set before my eyes no vile thing… ) (ii)1 Thes 4:3-5 (It is God’s will that you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality; that each of you should learn to control his own body in a way that is holy and honorable, not in passionate lust like the heathen, who do not know God) (iii) Jam 1:14-16 (but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death. Don’t be deceived, my dear brothers) (iv)1 Cor 10:13 (No temptation has seized you except what is common to man. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can stand up under it); (v) Job 31:1 (“I made a covenant with my eyes not to look lustfully at a girl); (vi) Phil 4:8 (Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable — if anything is excellent or praiseworthy — think about such things)

The God Who Wipes Away Our Tears

Introduction
“While Life’s dark maze I tread, And grief around me spread, Be thou my guide. Bid darkness turn to day, wipe sorrow’s tears away, Nor let me ever stray, from thee aside”
In case you are wondering, I just quoted the third stanza of the hymn “My faith looks up to thee.” This day I find myself drawn to one particular phrase within this third stanza: “wipe sorrow’s tears away”(x2), speaking of course of God as would be true of the rest of the hymn and most hymns for that matter.
The God who wipes away our tears[picapp src=”1/a/0/5/Mass_Funeral_For_5e68.jpg?adImageId=5073425&imageId=1495368″ width=”234″ height=”156″ /]….– this is the God whom I wish to reintroduce to us today. I say “reintroduce” because there are some among us, who need not be introduced to such a God. Experientially they know that God does wipe tears. if asked to step forward and testify, they would. In many words they would remind us of some time past when grief brought tears to their eyes. But then they would testify that the weeping did not linger on indefinitely. Something happened. God showed up. As one would jerk up the body of a car and yank out the undesirably deflated firestone tire and in its place put back a desirably inflated tire, God yanked out their source of grief and in the place of grief he introduced pleasantness. God brought back a smile to their faces. These folks need no introduction. What they probably need is mere nostalgic reminder.
The God who wipes away our tears…– this is the God that I wish to thrust before us. I say “thrust ” because there could be some among us who are experiencing such a pain this day that it would call for nothing short of a firm declaration and a poignant elucidation for them to believe that Yahweh does indeed turn our darkness of mourning into a sunshine of laughter and joy.

Sermon Proper

Sermon Thesis
“God has so designed it that that at times it is his very hand that wipes our tears. Other times he employs human agency to be the hand the wipes the “tearing.” eye. The human hand that is most prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfless heart. Conversely the human hand that is least prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfish heart.
A Family in Tears
Open your Bibles to the book of Ruth chapter 1. I have labeled vv1-5: “A family in tears, what nasty experiences it had to undergo.”
Nowhere in the first five verses of Ruth chapter one does it categorically state that tears were shed. But the narrator need not be that explicit for us to recognize that tears did indeed drip. Some of us have probably lived through some of the nasty experiences described in these five verses and you can attest to the painfulness of the experience
First in the list of nasty experiences that the family of Elimelech went through was the threat of famine and the resulting displacement of the family from its familiar habitat.
(Ruth 1:1 ¶ In the days when the judges ruled, there was a famine in the land, and a man (whose name v. 2 reveals as Elimelech) from Bethlehem in Judah, together with his wife (named Naomi in v. 2) and two sons (names as Machlon and Kilion in v. 2), went to live for a while in the country of Moab)
Threat of famine, a family displaced.
You only need to replay in your mind the picture of the 6 year old turkana boy named Aro Koriang’ posted on the daily nation of Nov. 22nd 1999 to be reminded of the ravaging effect of famine. What a moving picture it was if I recall. Just as moving also were the title and brief commentary associated with that picture. The title read: Pain and despair as starving families strive to survive. Part of the commentary read: one topic dominates the conversation in Trukana district. Akoro (the Turkana word for hunger) stalks the region like plague, leaving a trail of death, malnutrition and suffering. I suggests to us that as it was in Turkana, so was it in Bethlehem of Judah. Famine ravaged the area and the little Koriangs of Palestine were faced with the threat of death through hunger and malnutrition so much so that the newspaper headline in Palestine during this period of the judges could just as well have been an echo of the Nov. 22 Nation Newspaper headline: Pain and despair as starving families strive to survive. Someone might say, wait a minute! Elimelech and his family would not have suffered the revages of the famine because the family took off. Okay, I grant you that for v. 1b reads (… a man from Bethlehem in Judah, together with his wife and two sons, went to live for a while in the country of Moab). So you are right in arguing that Elimelech’s family took off (headed for Moab) before the famine had its toll on them. But having said that we need to be reminded that the exit that the family was forced to take was tantamount to displacement. Their’s was not voluntary migration. They were forced out by the famine. And only the victims of the clashes know the pain of involuntary displacement–having to leave your comfort zone. So when it says in v.2 that (…They (meaning Elimech, Naomi, Machlon and Kilion) went into the country of Moab and remained there.). it wasn’t as if a family took a holiday trip. No! It was a survival trip that they were forced into to escape the ravaging famine back at home.
So what do we have here so far? A Koriang-like family faced with the threat of starvation. A-victim-of-the-clashes-like family caught up by the sad experience of being displaced. Is this a hurting family? Certainly yes. Is this a family filled with tears? Probably yes

God has so designed it that that at times it his very hand that wipes our tears
Now let your eyes fall down to v. 6 (Ruth 1:6 ¶ Then she (meaning Naomi) started to return with her daughters-in-law from the country of Moab, for she had heard in the country of Moab that the LORD had done what” considered his people [(NIV reads “ … she heard in Moab that the LORD had come to the aid of his people“) (the Old King James rendering could never have been so graphically accurate “… she had heard in the country of Moab how that the LORD had visited his people “)] and given them food.)
What’s my point? Verses 1,2: Threat of famine looms over a family. In the name of survival the family take a forced exit. Is this a hurting family? Definitely yes. Is this a weeping family? Probably yes. Then comes v. 6. There is no longer the threat of famine. Food is now available. Displacement is just about to become a thing of the past for this family. What brought about this pleasant reversal of situation? God’s visitation!
You are here today hurting deeply even “tearing.” I want to affirm to you on the basis of v. 6 and the rest of Scripture that my God, your God, does pay us a visit. And the trail of his visit, the evidence of his visit many a times is marked by the sweet reversal of our paining circumstance.
Yahweh visited Naomi and the trail, the evidence of his visit was marked by possibility of her returning home (no longer to remain displaced) and availability of food (which had gone scarce for a while). May be you want more evidence that God does indeed visit. Here are 2 other biblical examples.
You remember Sarah, the wife of Abraham? What was her greatest pain? Lack of children. Gen 16:2 (and Sarai said to Abram, “You see that the LORD has prevented me from bearing children…). Sarah had given up hope of ever having children. Of this very Sarah the Bible says in Gen 21:1 (The LORD visited Sarah (the word “visit” here in Gen. is that same word that is used in reference to Naomi in v.6 of Ruth ch. 1) ). What was the consequence of God’s visitation? Next verse, Gen 21:2 (Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son .) a sweet reversal of an earlier nasty experience.
Here is another example–Israel in Egypt! What was there life like in captivity? Exod 3:7 (Then the LORD said, “I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt; I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters. Indeed, I know their sufferings). We have the people of God here portrayed as experiencing mysery and suffering. And you know what, they too received God’s visitation according to Exod 4:31 (Ex. 4:31 (He) visited the Israelites (same word) and (saw) their misery). End result of God’s visitation of Israel?– reversal of a life of slavery, triumphant exit from Egypt)
Friends God ‘s hands wipes our tears. He wiped tears then. He wipes Sarah’s tears, he wipe Israel’s tears, he wiped Naomi’s tears. And the good news is that he wipes tears today. if you are in any doubt whatsoever for that God wipes tears today, then ask my wife. The baby-kicks she is currently sensing in her womb would not be there had not the Lord visited us and evidenced his visit with the conception that we’ve waited for and prayed about for 4 long years.
So far we have looked at one of the two nasty experiences that the family of Elimelech went through–the threat of famine and the resulting displacement of a family from its origibal habitat. God himself stepped into the scene and began the process of reversing the situation–a reversal that would ascertain ease of pain and drying of tears.

Threat of missing out on a progeny to carry on the name of the family

Second in the list of nasty experiences that the family of Elimelech went through was the threat of missing out on a progeny to carry on the name of the family. I don’t know about your experience with your parents. I was nagged about marriage by my parents–”Nicholas you need to get yourself a woman,” my mother would say. Now you would think that if you got married, they will grant you some breathing space. Wrong, dead wrong. You get married and there they are again, “when are you going to have a child ?” For kuks it would be “when are you going to name your mother?” You get a child, “when are you going to get a second child?” And on and on goes the nagging.
I don’t blame parents for nagging.The greatest joy of the parents of grown up and married children is the birth of a grandchild. Proverbs 17:6 remind us that (Prov. 17:6 Grandchildren are the crown of the aged). If there are no grandchildren forthcoming, parents of grown up and married children begin to fret. We could even say that they are pained by the possibility that their name would not be propagated on. This is the type of pain that is captured in vv 3-5 (Ruth 1:3 Elimelech, the husband of Naomi, died, and she was left with her two sons). (Ruth 1:4 These took Moabite wives; the name of the one was Orpah and the name of the other Ruth.) (When they had lived there about ten years, Ruth 1:5 both Mahlon and Chilion also died, so that the woman was left without her two sons and her husband). Death of a mate, death of her only 2 sons, why by the way, dies childless,– all these would have caused Naomi great concern even pain for how would the family name be carried on?

Other times God employs human agency to be the hand the wipes the “tearing.” eye. The human hand that is most prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfless heart.
Here is a question for us to think about?
Question. This danger of possibly missing out on a progeny, how could it be reversed and thus bring about the easing of pain for Naomi? What would it take for Naomi to witness the continuation of her family name?
Answer: It would take two human acts. First human act: at least one of the two wives of Naomi’s dead sons would have to choose to accompany Naomi home in order to increase the chances of a marital encounter between Naomi’s daugter-in-law and a relative of Elimelech. Second human act: it would require a relative of Elimelech to agree to marry Naomi’s daughter-in-law.

The human hand that is most prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfless heart.
Let me point you to what a selfless heart looks like.
(Ruth 1:7 Naomi sets out from the place where she had been living, she and her two daughters-in-law, with the intention of going back to the land of Judah. Ruth 1:8 Naomi says to her two daughters-in-law, “Go back each of you to your mother’s house. May the LORD deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead and with me. Ruth 1:9 The LORD grant that you may find security, each of you in the house of your husband.” Then she kissed them, and they wept aloud.
Ruth 1:10 They say to her, “No, we will return with you to your people.”
Ruth 1:11 Naomi responds, “Turn back, my daughters, why will you go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb that they may become your husbands? Ruth 1:12 Turn back, my daughters, go your way, for I am too old to have a husband. Even if I thought there was hope for me, even if I should have a husband tonight and bear sons, Ruth 1:13 would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from marrying? No, my daughters, it has been far more bitter for me than for you, because the hand of the LORD has turned against me.”
Ruth 1:14 Then they all weep aloud . Orpah kisses her mother-in-law goodbye, but what does Ruth do? She clings to her.
Ruth 1:15 ¶ Naomi tries to convince Ruth to detach, Naomi says, “See, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods; your sister is heading for sweet home, return after your sister-in-law.”
Ruth 1:16 Then Ruth utters one of the most selfless and others-centered statement ever recorded, she says, “Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you! Where you go, I will go; Where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God.
Ruth 1:17 Where you die, I will die — there will I be buried. May the LORD do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!” ). Now that is a selfless heart!

Conversely the human hand that is least prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfish heart.
Now let me point you to a selfish heart. Remember we said that for Naomi’s pain of a lack of progeny to be eased, it would require that a relative of Elimelech be willing to marry Naomi’s daughter-in-law. Turn to Ruth ch. 4
(Ruth 4:1 ¶ No sooner had Boaz gone up to the gate and sat down there than the next-of-kin, of whom Boaz had spoken, came passing by. So Boaz said, “Come over, friend; sit down here.” And he went over and sat down. Ruth 4:2 Then Boaz took ten men of the elders of the city, and said, “Sit down here”; so they sat down. Ruth 4:3 He then said to the next-of-kin, “Naomi, who has come back from the country of Moab, is selling the parcel of land that belonged to our kinsman Elimelech. Ruth 4:4 So I thought I would tell you of it, and say: Buy it in the presence of those sitting here, and in the presence of the elders of my people. If you will redeem it, redeem it; but if you will not, tell me, so that I may know; for there is no one prior to you to redeem it, and I come after you.” So he said, “I will redeem it.”
Ruth 4:5 Then Boaz said, “The day you acquire the field from the hand of Naomi, you are also acquiring Ruth the Moabite, the widow of the dead man, to maintain the dead man’s name on his inheritance.”
Ruth 4:6 At this, the next-of-kin said, “I cannot redeem it for myself without damaging my own inheritance. Take my right of redemption yourself, for I cannot redeem it.” ) Now that’s a selfish heart.

Conclusion
Are you are aware of a situation where it would take your response to ease another person’s pain. Are you selfish or selfless?
“God has so designed it that that at times it his very hand that wipes our tears. Other times he employs human agency to be the hand the wipes the “tearing.” eye. The human hand that is most prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfless heart. Conversely the human hand that is least prone to engage in the positive service of wiping “tearing” eyes is that which is associated with a selfish heart.”

Break Ranks With Them Losers

Introduction
I’m having a hard time recalling the exact identity of the sponsor; it may have been Kenyan Film Corporation but I am not certain. What I cannot forget however is how we the Eastlanders–better known as “wasee wa mtaa”– would be treated to a free cinema at least one evening a week all year round. The Kombi, ferrying the crew, the motion-picture projector and thank goodness the generator, would arrive around six o’clock and park in a field in Lumumba estate. In no time the gigantic screen would be set up. When a good number of people had gathered from the neigbouring estates, makadush, Ofafa Kunguni, Jeri, Buru and when it was dark nicely the generator would be turned on and the reel would start rolling. For some reason the genre of film that was in vogue at that time was Western. This category of movies if you recall was characterized by horse riders and gun-shooters. The climax of a Western would be when only one person or one gang remained standing having shot dead all the opponents. The last person standing, we called “fello.” His gang we called “gang ya fello.” As a teenager, Fello and his gang were our heroes. I know that because one of the games that we played quite often and which we thoroughly enjoyed was “game ya kushutiana.” You knew you had been shot when your opponent pointed two fingers at you and uttered “dushu ngeo.” The rule was that if you were shot you had to die. It would upset the shooter a lot if the person shot at refused to die. Ukikata ku dedi iyo ilikwa noma sana. Why the upset? Because everyone wanted to be “fello”– the last person to remain standing having shot dead all his/her opponents. So the question is not whether we adopt heroes or heroines because we do. The question is whether the hero or heroine we adopt is worth emulating. Biblical heroes and heroines are worth emulating and listening to. Biblical heroes and heroines may not be perfect– they need not be since they are human. But the fact that what they represent has found its way into the Holy Book makes it imperative that we give heed to what they have to say. My prayer as we begin to day is that we would all adopt Rahab as our heroine and take into serious consideration the principle that she stands for.
Sermon Proper
Please turn with me to the book of Joshua ch. 2.
Leaping out of this text is one exhortation that I pray we will give serious consideration. Rising from the text and addressed to all of us is this exhortation: “Break ranks with them losers!”
Who is a loser? I am glad you asked. When I say “loser” I am not thinking “loser” as defined by the Dictionary. According to the Dictionary there are two sub-definitions of the term loser. Sports-wise the term refers to a contestant or team that loses like let’s say Harambee stars in as far as Eastern and central African senior cup championship is concerned , or say the cowboys this season. Informally the term refers to a person who has been convicted of misdemeanor or an individual who has failed at a particular activity such as holding a job etc. When we say loser we do not have in mind either of these two sub-definitions. None of these losses whether it be loss in sports, or conviction for felony or trouble holding a job– none of these losses is truly deadly. Losing a game is not supposed to be the end of the world. You would normally not be hanged for committing misdemenour crimes. The problem of not holding job is not untreatable. When we say “loser” we are thinking deadly loss–loss unto destructive judgment, loss that entails perishing.
Folks “Break ranks with them losers!” I want us to spend the rest of the remaining time interacting with two principles that stem directly from this exhortation

Principle #1: You have not come to the decision to break ranks with them losers, those destined for destructive judgment until you yourself are fully convinced of the reality of that destructive judgment
It was a reality that the inhabitants of Jericho were destined for destructive judgment. There was nothing illusional or imaginative about this. The land of Canaan which Jericho was part of had been a target of destructive judgment for a long long time. Way back in Genesis–we are talking some 400 years before the events recorded in Josh 2 would transpire, in a conversation with Abraham, God made his intent clear that the inhabitants of Canaan would be disinherited and their land would be given to Abraham’s descendants: “To your descendants, God declared to Abraham, I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates, the land of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.” (Gen 15:18-20). So the judgmental decision to disinherit Canaan had been made way back there. Later revelation clarified that the the process of the disinheritance would entail total destruction of the inhabitants: My angel, God declared in Exod 23:23, will go ahead of you and bring you into the land of the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites and Jebusites, and I will wipe them out. ”I will wipe them out” is a language of annhilation. The designated agent of annhilation in reality was not God himself as much as Exod 23:23 says that he was. In reality the agent was to be the nation of Israel. So to Israel is given the command in Deut 7:1 ¶ When the LORD your God brings you into the land you are entering to possess and drives out before you many nations — the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites, seven nations larger and stronger than you — Deut. 7:2 and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you and you have defeated them, then you, Israel, must destroy them totally. Notice again the language of annhilation–”you must destroy them totally”–and that’s an injunction directed to Israel. So Israel was to be God’s fighting machine. We don’t have the time to illustrate how this machine, Israel, effectively carried out its mission of annhilation especially between the time-frame when they crossed the Red Sea and the time they finally camped opposite Jericho on the other side of the Jordan with Joshua as their commander. The records are clear. Israel played its role decisively annhilating on the way tow formidable opponents– Sihon of Heshbon and Og king of Bashan. And in Josh 2:1 its is clear that God’s fighting machine was set to take Jericho out. Look at Josh. 2:1 ¶ Then Joshua son of Nun sent two men secretly from Shittim as spies, saying, “Go, view the land, especially Jericho.
Question: How did the inhabitants of Jericho respond to the reality of the destructive judgment that was about to overtake them? Look with me at v 9b-11a: Rahab is speaking here and that representatively : dread of you has fallen on us (the inhabitants of Jericho), and (that) all the inhabitants of the land melt in fear before you. Josh. 2:10: For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red Sea before you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to the two kings of the Amorites that were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon and Og, whom you utterly destroyed. Josh. 2:11: As soon as we heard it, our hearts melted, and there was no courage left in any of us because of you). So how did the inhabitants of Jericho respond to the reality of destructive judgment and, more importantly, how was their reaction different from Rahab’s. Based on vv9b-11a that we have just read, the inhabitants of Jericho were gripped by dread (v. 9b says that “ dread of Israel had fallen on them”) and they lost courage (v. 11a). Now how did Rahab respond to the reality of the destructive judgment? Like the rest of the inhabitants of Jericho for whom she spoke representatively in vv 9b-11a, dread fell upon her (v. 9b) and she lost courage (v. 11a)
However, unlike the rest of the inhabitants of Jericho, Rahab was the only one who was able to categorically state that it was all over for Jericho. Look at v. 9a: “I know that the LORD has given you the land. Behind this confession is the conviction that the forthcoming destructive judgment against Jericho is as real as it is sure. There is no escape:I know that the LORD has given you the land .

You have not come to the decision to break ranks with them losers, those destined for destructive judgment until you yourself, like Rahab and unlike the rest of the inhabitants of Jericho, are fully convinced of the reality of that destructive judgment. “I Know that the Lord has given you the land”, Rahab said.
I do not know how many non-believers are in the house today. Neither will I request that you raise your hand. God knows who you are. And you know yourself too . If you are unsure, you know you are non-believer if:

(1) you answer “no” or “not sure” to the question: Supposing you were to drop dead right now, are you sure you would go to heaven? and

(2) you are a non-believer if your response to the searching question: Supposing you are to drop dead this second and were to appear before God and God were to ask you, “Why should I let you into my kingdom?” If your answer excludes the firm confession “I have been washed by the blood of the lamb,” then you are most likely a non-believer. Non-believer hire me momentarily as your watchman or as your weatherman because that is exactly how I wish to serve you. Thanks for the hire. Now please allow me to share with you the latest newsflash. All evidence show beyond a shadow of doubt that the tornado of God’s wrath is about to touchdown. The only reason we know that is because the forecast reveals so. The forecast reads as follows: He said in a loud voice, “Fear God and give him glory, because the hour of his judgment has come Rev. 14:7 .. The forecast also reads: They called to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! For the great day of their wrath has come, and who can stand?” Rev. 6:16-17 . Here is one other piece of scary information that you might want to keep in mind. All evidence show beyond a shadow of doubt that — let me name it “tornado terror”– All evidence show beyond a shadow of doubt that “tornado terror” is programmed to be selective in its destruction. Those upon whom the tornado is programmed to land are the non-believers. Believers fall outside the path of “tornado terror.” And the only reason we know that is because the forecast says so. The forecast reads: The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness, Rom. 1:18. The forecast also reads: But because of your stubbornness and your unrepentant heart, you are storing up wrath against yourself for the day of God’s wrath, when his righteous judgment will be revealed Rom. 2:5 . That marks the end of the newsflash. That marks the end of the forecast. Non believer I appreciate your hiring me momentarily as your watchman or your weatherman. But now I request for dismissal or should I say I request for voluntary retrenchment. But as I get out of your face, I leave you with the words of Ezekiel :
Ezek. 33:2 “Son of man, speak to your countrymen and say to them: ‘When I bring the sword against a land, and the people of the land choose one of their men and make him their watchman, Ezek. 33:3 and he sees the sword coming against the land and blows the trumpet to warn the people, Ezek. 33:4 then if anyone hears the trumpet but does not take warning and the sword comes and takes his life, his blood will be on his own head. Ezek. 33:5 Since he heard the sound of the trumpet but did not take warning, his blood will be on his own head. If he had taken warning, he would have saved himself. )

So far we have looked at one principle that emerges from the exhortation “Break ranks with them loser” and that principle again is
You have not come to the decision to break ranks with them losers, those destined for destructive judgment until you yourself are fully convinced of the reality of that destructive judgment .”

Here is the second principle: True conviction of the reality of destructive judgment manifests itself in your taking the appropriate steps to remove yourself from the path of destruction.
Over and above her expression of conviction that the forthcoming destructive judgment was real, Rahab took the following appropriate steps:
Step#1. She was receptive towards her source of salvation. Look at the end of v.1 (” So they, i.e the two spies, went, and entered the house of a prostitute whose name was Rahab, and spent the night there.). Someone might raise the accusation: Rahab, why should we not think that your friendliness and hospitality towards these two men had a lot to do with the fact that you perceived them as clients . To that accusation Rahab would respond: I understand why you would accuse me as such. After all my full name is Rahab the prostitute. But I would really love for you to take me at my word. First of all and speaking for the men, they did not present themselves at the door as clients. The only reason they chose my house was because as a known brothel, my place afforded them the opportunity to remain undercover as they carried out their spying mission. Secondly and this time speaking for myself, I can assure you that the moment I caught glance of them, I did not see clients, I saw the source of my salvation. When the King’s messengers came banging at my door– bang! bang! Look at v.3 they were shouting and demanding ( “Bring out the men who have come to you, who entered your house, for they have come only to search out the whole land”). It is not for clients that I turned unpatriotic, it is not for clients that I lied– vv 4 (Josh. 2:4.. “True, the men came to me, but I did not know where they came from. ) and v 5 (Josh. 2:5 … Where the men went I do not know. Pursue them quickly, for you can overtake them.). I lied, not to clients; these men were the source of my salvation. Okay Rahab we have heard your defence. But did we just hear you mention lying–that you lied to your country folks? What are we to make of that? Remember me for being receptive to the source of my salvation and not for being deceptive to my country folks. At least that is how the book of Hebrews remembers me (Heb. 11:31: By faith Rahab the prostitute did not perish with those who were disobedient, because she had received the spies in peace.). Remember me for being receptive, not deceptive. Deception is never justified. The commandment is clear: Thou shall not lie. Even during the so called “most appropriate of circumstances,” lying is still sinful. As a matter of fact it is oxymoronic to speak of lying and appropriateness on the same breath. Lying is always inappropriate. So remember me for being receptive, not being deceptive.
So the first appropriate step that Rahab took was to remove herself from the path of destruction– and which was a manifestation of her conviction of the reality of destructive judgment– that appropriate step was her reception of the source of her salvation; she was receptive towards the source of her salvation

Step#2: Here is the second appropriate step that Rahab took: She was keen to play her designated part in the salvation contract. There was a salvation contract promulgated as we shall find out shortly. Let me explain a little bit about the ingredients of this salvation contract. First of all its essence. The essence of the salvation contract was life for life. Look at v. 12f (Josh. 2:12: Now then, since I have dealt kindly with you, swear to me by the LORD that you in turn will deal kindly with my family. Give me a sign of good faith Josh. 2:13: that you will spare my father and mother, my brothers and sisters, and all who belong to them, and deliver our lives from death.” Josh. 2:14: The men said to her, “Our life for yours! (“Uhai wenu ni uhai wetu). Our lives for you lives! That was the essence of the salvation contract.
How about the parties involved in this salvation contract? There were two parties. Rahab on the one end and the two spies on the other. How about the responsibilities of the respective parties? Contracts hold only in as far as the parties fulfill their responsibilities. Both parties, Rahab and the spies, were were held up to certain responsibilities. Rahab’s responsibility was two-fold: (1) she was not to expose the men (Josh. 2:14 … “… don’t tell what we are doing… .”). Did Rahab play her part in this regard? Yes–vv15-16 (Josh. 2:15 ¶ So she let them down by a rope through the window, for the house she lived in was part of the city wall. Josh. 2:16 Now she had said to them, “Go to the hills so the pursuers will not find you. Hide yourselves there three days until they return, and then go on your way.”). She succeeded in not exposing them. Her second responsibility was to tie the scarlet cord in the window and assemble all her relatives at her house (Josh. 2:17 ¶ The men said to her, “This oath you made us swear will not be binding on us, Josh. 2:18 unless, when we enter the land, you have tied this scarlet cord in the window through which you let us down, and unless you have brought your father and mother, your brothers and all your family into your house. ). Did Rahab play her part? Yes she did–v.21 (Josh. 2:21 … So she sent them away and they departed. And she tied the scarlet cord in the window) and v. 23 of ch.6 (Josh. 6:23 So the young men who had done the spying went in and brought out Rahab, her father and mother and brothers and all who belonged to her. They brought out her entire family and put them in a place outside the camp of Israel.)
True conviction of the reality of destructive judgment manifests itself in your taking the appropriate steps to remove yourself from the path of destruction.

Conclusion
We’ve seen that for Rahab those appropriate steps were (1) she was receptive to the source of her salvation and (2) she played her part in the salvation contract.
Non believer, it is a fact that your lot is detined for destruction. God’s judgment is sure and certain. There is no “maybes” about it. My question to you is whether are fully convinced of the reality of God’s destructive judgment. You had better because denying the progress of a tornado does not necessarily derail the tornado. If you happen to fall on the path of a tornado, it will take you out whether your are convinced of its lethality or not. Now if you say that your are truly convinced of the reality of God’s judgment, you cannot stop at that. True conviction of the reality of God’s destructive judgment manifests itself in your taking the appropriate steps to remove yourself from the path of destruction. Like Rahab you can start off by being receptive. John 1:12 says (John 1:12 Yet to all who received him… he gave the right to become children of God —). Like Rahab you should play your part in the salvation contract. God had already played his part. He loved you so much that he gave his only begotten son. Your part is to believe–(John 3:16 ¶ “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.) Friend, believe in the Lord Jesus and you will be saved.

Vertical Trust vis-a-vis Horizontal strategem

Introduction
Approximately three sundays ago, Jackson, the preacher of the day, prefaced his sermon with a narration of his earlier funny-not-so-funny post-landing experiences in this land that some refer to as stato. In many ways Jackson’s story is our story. The summer whather definitely catches one off-guard. As one of my dear Kamba friends would exclaim in reference to the summer weather in Texas “the hair is so so ot.” A listener who is oblivious of the idiosyncracies of tribal accents would be baffled by the mention of hair as in nywele or sungura in a sentence that seeks to describe the whether.
As regards our own experience upon arrival, none of the contacts we had been given and whom we telephoned upon arrival at DFW, none of them were available to pick us up. That’s understandable, it was in the afternoon and someone was probably napping. So our only viable option was to hire a taxi. Back at home I was used to bargaining with the taxi driver. And since I was still mentally logged into the home page, I approached this Nigerian taxi-man determined to bargain to the lowest price possible. I showed him the address we needed to get to. Then I engaged him in a bargain speech. I tried using the line about him being black and me being black and why he should give a fellow blackman a fee break. The moment the Nigerian sensed my bargaining efforts , he just burst out laughing. Later I came to understand why my bargaining was so funny to him. You see here the taxis are metered. The meter determines the price, not the taxi-man.That’s why it was humorous to him that I was attempting to bargain the Nigerian in the context of metered taxis.
And he did ferry us to our address. Right away we settled into the routine of seminary life–studying and working at the library. My wife, of course , being an F-2 stayed at home watching “As the world turns.” Little did she know that our world would soon turn for the worst and it really did. Three or four semesters into our stay, we came face to face with a crisis. The funds we had carried along with us from Kenyan and which we thought was a hill of a money–that money began to quickly dissipate. The hill, if you like, grew smaller and smaller. And by our projection, the minimum wage I was earning from my library work was not going to stop the hill from becoming a hole. The solution was to get a better paying job. That meant working off-campus. But I had no permit. And so as a family we came face to face with what I would call a Work Permit crisis!

It would not surprise me at all that there are some in this room who are facing that exact crisis–a Work permit crisis. Others may be facing some other type of crisis– may be a pregnancy crisis or a Status crisis or a Social security crisis or you-name-it crisis.
How ought we to respond in moments of crisis? More importantly, how does God expect us to respond in moments of crisis?

Sermon Proper

Sermon Thesis
In moments of crisis, God’s will for us is that we desist from engaging in ungodly and thus punishable horizontal strategem and instead express vertical trust in the form of earnest supplication for God’s intervention.

Subpoint #1: In moments of crisis, God’s will for us is that we desist from engaging in ungodly and thus punishable horizontal strategem

Turn with me guys to the first chapter of 2 kings (2 kings1)

[2Kings 1:1 ¶ After Ahab’s death, Moab rebelled against Israel.
2Kings 1:2a Now Ahaziah had fallen through the lattice of his upper room in Samaria and injured himself].

Any kenyan who has ridden in a bus in Kenya at peak hours which is anywhere between 7 and 10 in the morning and 3 and 6 in the evening–if you have ridden with those sets of time frame, then you know experientally that securing a seat in a KBS is not a right. It is not even a priviledge. Finding a seat in a Kenya bus at rush hour is sheer manual labour. Forget about the job you are going to or coming from. Securing a seat is a job by itself– a 13 dollars per hr manual job. For those of us who were agile enough, to ensure that we secured a seat, we used to employ a move. Does anyone remember what we used to call that move? “kudandia basi”. As you know “kudandiaring” had its own risks. You could miss one of those staircase steps, trip and fall. When I was a young kid, i observed this guy dandiaring a bus. He “dandiared” at the front door. He missed a step, fell off and found himself positioned under the bus. The scarery part is the driver did not see him fall and kept on moving. I leave the rest to your imagination.

King Ahaziah may not have fallen off a moving bus. Nevertheless the injuries King Ahaziah sustained followng the thud were just as worrisome. King Ahaziah came face to face with a health crisis.
I ask again “What crisis are you facing today?” Since Scripture is meant for application, feel free to substitute Ahaziah’s crisis with your crisis.
If I were to read my own crisis in the place of Ahaziah’s, the verse would read: “Five semesters into our stay in America our family came face to face with a work permit crisis.”

Now how did King Ahaziah respond in the midst of his crisis?
That’s a significant question to ask: How did King Ahaziah respond in the midst of his crisis?
The answer is in v.2b
(v. 2b So he sent messengers, saying to them, “Go and consult Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, to see if I will recover from this injury.” )
Let’s analyze Ahaziah’s response.

Who was Baal-zebub? The name literally means “Lord of flies.” But that doesn’t tell us alot. What would be the other components of his biography??We know that Baalzebub was a Philistine god.–specifically the god of Ekron . Ekron was one of the five cities termed the Pentapolis–these five cities constituted the Philistine country.Ekron was one of those cities.More pertinently Baal-zebub was considered a god capable of predicting outcomes.(“Go and consult Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, to see if I will recover from this injury.”). If Baalzebub had a website, the webpage would look something like this:

The no 1 psychic site. Know tomorrow today. Unlimited access–no per minute charges. Call 1-800-god-zebub if you prefer to pay by visa, masterCard, American express or checking account billing. For Direct billing where charges appear on your monthly bill, call 1-900-ask-fate. International callers, for guaranteed access, please dial 011-67-87-toboa. Signed Miss Cleo for Baal-zebub, the outcome predictor.
Given two possible responses–(1) vertical trust in God and (2) ungodly horizontal strategem– which of these two responses best describe Ahaziah’s response? His decision to consult with Baal-zebub was clearly not an expression of trust in Yahweh. it was not a vertical trust in God. What we have here is a classical illustration of an ungodly horizontal strategem.

Another question–just as important.
Q. How did God take Ahaziah’s decision to consult Baal-zebub? God did not take it kindly
Look with me at v.4 ( Skip v. 3 for now) [ Therefore this is what the LORD says: ‘You will not leave the bed you are lying on. You will certainly die!’]. God punished Ahaziah. Ahaziah was already in trouble. God allowed the situation to worsen. God allowed the injury Ahaziah had sustained during the fall to turn fatal
Lets summarize what we’ve observed so far. A king comes face to face with a health crisis. The King consciously and deliberately resorts to a strategem–he engages in an ungodly horizontal strategem. That response so maddens Yahweh that He activates a punishment.

This discharge of divine punishment against those who engage in ungodly horizontal strategem, where else in the Bible do we find it replayed?

There are at least three enactments of the pattern we have seen played out in our text (the pattern of crisis, ungodly horizontal strategem, and punishment)

The first reenactment involves Moses. In Num. 20 we come across a wilderness community faced with a water-related crisis. The taps were dry. People were thirsty. So the community approached Moses and inundated him with all these complaints and moanings [Num. 20:3 … “If only we had died when our brothers fell dead before the LORD! Num. 20:4 Why did you bring the LORD’s community into this desert, that we and our livestock should die here? Num. 20:5 Why did you bring us up out of Egypt to this terrible place? It has no grain or figs, grapevines or pomegranates. And there is no water to drink!”]
Now Skip to v.8. There God reveals his will to Moses as to how he should respond in the midst of the water crisis [Num. 20:8 “Take the staff, and you and your brother Aaron gather the assembly together. Speak to that rock before their eyes and it will pour out its water. You will bring water out of the rock for the community so they and their livestock can drink”]. God’s will was that Moses trustingly speak to the rock. That was the vertical thing to. But what did Moses opt to do instead? You know the story! Holding the staff, he raised his arm in v.11 and struck the rock instead. Therein lies another example of an ungodly horizontal stategem.
How did God take Moses’ response? Not kindly. Did He punish Him. You bet! Look at v. 12. God denied Moses an entry visa into the promised land [Num. 20:12 ¶ But the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust in me enough to honor me as holy in the sight of the Israelites, you will not bring this community into the land I give them”]. A discharge of divine punishment against one who had engaged in an ungodly horizontal strategem

The second reenactment involved Saul. The crisis in 1 Sam 13 is war-related.The humongers Philistine army was right at Israel’s door step ready to wage a war.
Back in ch 10 of 1 Samuel God had already revealed his will to Saul through the prophet Samuel as to how he should respond in the midst of the war crisis [1Sam. 10:8 ¶ “Go down ahead of me to Gilgal. I will surely come down to you to sacrifice burnt offerings and fellowship offerings, but you must wait seven days until I come to you and tell you what you are to do”]. God’s will was that Saul trustingly wait for Samuel’s arrival at Gilgal. That was the vertical thing to do, just wait!
But what did Saul opt to do instead? [1Sam. 13:9 So he (Saul) said, “Bring me the burnt offering and the fellowship offerings.” And Saul offered up the burnt offering]. He opted to offer sacrifice even though he was not a priest Right there is another example of an ungodly horozontal strategem.
How did God take Saul’s action? Not kindly. Did He punish him? You bet! He stripped him of the presidency and handed it to a turk– a young turk alright but a turk after God’s own heart [1Sam. 13:13 ¶ “You acted foolishly,” Samuel said. “You have not kept the command the LORD your God gave you; if you had, he would have established your kingdom over Israel for all time. 1 Sam. 13:14 But now your kingdom will not endure; the LORD has sought out a man after his own heart and appointed him leader of his people, because you have not kept the LORD’s command”]. A discharge of divine punishment against one who had engaged in an ungodly horizontal strategem.

The third ocassion involved King Ahaz. The crisis in In Isa 7 is again war-related. The Syrians and the Israelites formed a coalition to fight Judah. In v. 4 of Isa 7 God reveals his will to King Ahaz through Isaiah as to how he should respond in the midst of the war crisis: (Isa. 7:4 … ‘ keep calm and don’t be afraid. Do not lose heart because of these two smoldering stubs of firewood — because of the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram and of the son of Remaliah.). God’s will was that Ahaz trustingly keep his cool. But what did Ahaz opt to do instead. Elsewhere in the book of Chronicles we are told that Ahaz sought the aid of Assyria. There is yet another example of an ungodly horizontal stategem. Trusting in the arm of flesh and not God. How did God take Ahaz’s ungodly act? Not kindly. Did He punish him? You bet! He curtailed the cooperation between Assyria and Judah and turned Assyria into an enemy. [Isa. 7:20 In that day the Lord will use a razor hired from beyond the River — the king of Assyria — to shave your head and the hair of your legs, and to take off your beards also].
Enough examples of characters who were guilty of and were punished for engaging in ungodly horizontal strategem in the midst of crisis.

How about us? Are we guilty of engaging in ungodly horizontal strategem in the midst of crisis?

In moments of crisis, God’s will for Upendo is that we desist from engaging in ungodly and thus punishable horizontal strategem.

If the will of God is that we desist from engaging in ungodly horizontal strategem, how then does God expect us to respond?

Subpoint #2: In moments of crisis, God’s will for us is that we express vertical trust in the form of earnest supplication for God’s intervention

Look with me at the verse we had skipped, v.3 of 2 kings 1 [2Kings 1:3 ¶ But the angel of the LORD said to Elijah the Tishbite, “Go up and meet the messengers of the king of Samaria and ask them, ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going off to consult Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron?’].
As it is the question “ Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going off to consult Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron?’” exposes God’s disappointment with Ahaziah’s decision to consult Baal-zebub. The question exposes God’s feelings of sadness and betrayal. Posed today to us by God, the question would expose similar feelings of disappointment, sadness and betrayal. Posed to us by God, the question would go something like this: Is it because there is no God in our environs that faced with pregnancy crisis, we abort? Is it because there is no God in our environs that faced with a work permit crisis we ….” ? Is it because there is no God in our environs that faced with status crisis we ….? Is it because there is no God in our environs that faced with Social security crisis, we….?
If you turn that same question on its head, it reads as statement of affirmation. implicitly God was saying to the King’s messengers, “there is a God in Israel after all, therefore consult Him. God is saying to us today, there is a God in our environs after all , therefore consult Him instead.

Very early in our marriage, my wife came up with this fancy idea of keeping record of our supplications and answered prayers. I went back and looked at some entries. Jan 23rd 1998– Pray about the work permit; Feb 8 1998–pray about the work permit; March 8th 1998–pray about the work permit; March 21st 1998– pray about the work permit; April 5th–pray about the work permit; April 26th 1998–pray about the work permit; them May 10th 1998–thank God for the permit.

In moments of crisis, God’s will for Upendo is that we express vertical trust in the form of earnest supplication for God’s intervention.

East African Expressions of Christianity, edited by Thomas Spear and Isaria N. Kimambo, Ohio University Press, Athens, 1999

Our review will comprise of three parts. First , we will suggest the classes of people to whom this book would prove most beneficial. Second, we will offer a summary of the contents of the book. Thirdly, we will offer our assessment of how well the book accomplishes the editors’ stated goals.
Every African minister (Pastors and seminary faculty) or minister-in- the-making (Bible school student in the mother land and abroad) ought to become acquainted with the essays that make up this book. This book will breath a sense of pride to the African for it emphasizes over and over again that the dominant force, humanly speaking, behind the development of Christianity in East Africa was the African catechist for whom objective historiography has hankered for recognition in vain. By the same token, the book is bound to dissipate any misgivings about the African’s capability to minister to his own people. Church historians in the various seminaries in Africa will do well to popularize the contents of this book. The value of this book is not limited to the African minister, though. Mission departments abroad would be doing themselves a great service if they too got acquainted with this book. The missionary errors of the yester-years, which the book helps expose, need to be repeated today.
The gist of this book is a set of six phenomena or features which serve as a framework around which the various essays are organized. These phenomena, which Thomas Spear labels as “historical processes,” constitute the following: mission; conversion and popular evangelism, struggles for control; charismatic prophecy and healing; and Protestant revival and popular Catholicism (p. 4). A lucid but generalized treatment of each of these phenomena with special attention to the Buganda (from Uganda), Kikuyu (from Kenya), the Roho movement (also from Kenya) and the Buhaya (from Tanzania), is found in ch. 1. A more elaborate treatment begins in ch. 3. Chapters 3 , 4 and 5 are classified under the subtopic “Mission.” Lema’s essay (ch. 3) addresses two areas of Chaga religion: an overview of chaga religion (such as theology proper, anthropology, spirit world, problem of evil, etc) and the impact of the mission enterprise on the people. Concerning the latter, it is observed that the initial missionary efforts, marked by cultural bias and the absence of an “incarnational” approach, were met with outright rejection. Later on, the Chaga people would accept Christianity– but in their own terms. Kimambo’s article (ch. 4) traces the development of Christianity among the Zaramo. Collaboration with the hated colonizers, failure to use the vernacular as medium of spreading the message and poor exegesis of the Zaramo culture were among the errors committed by the missionaries–errors that led to the stagnation of the development of Christianity. Rise in the population of converts is attributed not only to a correction of these errors but availability of physical benefits such as schools and hospitals. Waller (ch. 5) deems the missionary efforts by AIM as a total failure. The issue of expediency, where the local’s expectation of material benefits was not met, features again as one of the factors that contributed to this failure. The other factor was the rejection of the AIM’s indigenous propagators of the gospel by the community at large since they were marginal. Falling under the category of “Conversion and Popular Evangelism” are two essays: “the creation of a Catholic Fipa Society” (by Kathleen R. Smythe) and “The Church and Cigogo” (by Gregory H. Maddox). Missionary efforts did at times reap success as is revealed in Smythe’s narration. The “why” question is readily attended to. Answers to this vital question include the mission’s emphasis on the conversion of children, the missionary’s conscious choice to take advantage of congruent elements between Catholic religion and Fipa religion and utilization of African catechists. Maddox’s essay explores the process of the domestication of Christianity in the Gogo communities through the life of a Father Stephen Mlundi. Chapters 8, 9 and 10 make up third historical process, viz., “struggles for control.” As pointed out by Sandgren (ch.8), power struggle was inevitable in light of the missionaries’ racist attitude, insensitivity to Kamba culture and humiliation of people in the name of church discipline. Omari’s essay (ch.9) captures an up-to-date struggle for independency not within a colonial context but within an African-led denomination. A more sweeping struggle is presently been waged by the “Bundu dia Kongo” group (ch. 10) whose primary focus is the “social transformation, through cultural regeneration, of African societies” (p. 225). The Church of the Holy Spirits, thanks to Githieya’s narration (ch. 11), fits all the contours of a “charismatic prophecy and healing” movement. “Protestant Revival and Popular Catholicism,” the fifth historical process, is reflected in chs 12, 13 , and 14 . Besides the Marian Faith Healing Ministry, other popular (Catholic) religion include Holy Spirit Movement of Alica Lakwena,the group by Doseo Bisaaka, the legion of Mart, and Holy Quarternity movement. Protestant revivalism, according to Mlahagwa (ch. 14), finds its exemplification in present day Fellowship church in Tanzania.
Has the book met its goal? The contents of the book certainly match the title of the book. The three East African countries are represented in the various essays well enough to merit the term “East African” in the title. The historiographical aspect of the essays, the testimonies and perspectives of the indigenous people presented in the endnotes and within the essays themselves, the authorship of some of the essays by Africans–all this go into satisfying the intended goal of the book, viz., to “probe into the experiences of African Christians and emergence of African Churches from the earliest days of mission enterprise” (p. 4)

http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/30042000/Letters/Letters1.html

Christianity is not a cult of darkness

The article titled “it’s a cult of darkness and damnation” notwithstanding, I cannot remember reading any of Philip Ochieng’s articles without feeling enthralled.

He is one very insightful writer, quite engaging. And that’s admirable. For once, this great admirer of Ochieng’s writings is having to cross the line to occupy the critic’s seat.

Dismissing the article altogether would be tantamount to throwing the baby out with the bathwater.

If one were to contend that Christianity (and for that matter Judaism) did indeed borrow from its surrounding milieu (and I believe this was so to some extent), should one have to conclude per force that Christianity wound up as paganistic? I don’t think so.

What about the question of Christianity being cultic? I guess it depends on which side of the fence one is speaking from. Thus whereas Bob Larson, a Christian apologist, would be pointing his finger elsewhere in his definition of a cult as characterised by the perpetration of the idea that “those outside are viewed as spiritually inferior, creating, therefore, an exclusive and self-righteous ‘we’ versus ‘they’ attitude,” an outsider could snatch his words and apply them to his own religion, Christianity.

This, however, would not be the first time that Christianity would have been labelled sectarian (cf. Acts 24:14).

Lastly, is it legitimate to link Christianity with such terms as “darkness” and “damnation?” Not if we take the words of the Bible seriously. For, of Christ himself, it was said that “in him was life, and the life was the light of all people; the light shines in the darkness and the darkness did not overcome it.”

Christ, in turn, informed his disciples that they were the light of the world. Concerning those who belong to Christ, the book states that “there is no condemnation” (Rom. 8:1). So how should we, then, conclude, that Christianity is a cult of darkness and damnation? God forbid!

Nicholas Odhiambo,

Dalas Theological Seminary,

Dallas, Texas.